Anesthesia and pain management during pregnancy

Anaesthesist 2015 May;64(5):347-56. doi: 10.1007/s00101-015-0023-9.

Authors: Ninke T et al

Abstract

During the perioperative and postoperative care of pregnant women it is prudent to pay close attention to the changed physiology of these patients. The main principles of care are the preservation of maternal and fetal homeostasis as well as avoidance of any substances with toxic effects on the fetus. In order to provide pregnant patients with good quality care, all relevant disciplines should be involved as early as possible. Modern anesthetic drugs can be used as they seem to be without teratogenic effects. Adequate perioperative surveillance and assessment of the fetus is also important. The mainstay of pain management during pregnancy is the World Health Organization (WHO) pain ladder. It is of the utmost importance to use only substances without teratogenic or fetotoxic properties. Considering non-opioid drugs, the use of paracetamol is a viable option, whereas non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) should only be used with rigorous restrictions. Tramadol is a first-line drug when using opioids with low potency, whereas morphine can be used as an opioid with a higher potency after careful consideration of the risk-benefit ratio. If possible anticonvulsives should not be used as an adjunct in pain management during pregnancy. The use of thoroughly investigated antidepressants seems to be a better alternative. Apart from drug therapy it is important to use all available conservative pain treatment options.