Long-lasting local anesthetic use for perioperative pain control is limited by possible cardiotoxicity (e.g., arrhythmias and contractile depression), potentially leading to cardiac arrest. Off-target cardiac sodium channel blockade is considered the canonical mechanism behind cardiotoxicity, however, it does not fully explain the observed toxicity variability between anesthetics. We hypothesize that more cardiotoxic anesthetics (e.g., bupivacaine) differentially perturb other important cardiomyocyte functions (e.g., calcium dynamics), which may be exploited to mitigate drug toxicity.
We investigated the effects of clinically-relevant concentrations of racemic bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, or ropivacaine on human stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte tissue function. Contractility, rhythm, electromechanical coupling, field potential profile, and intracellular calcium dynamics were quantified using multielectrode arrays and optical imaging. Calcium flux differences between bupivacaine and ropivacaine were probed with pharmacologic calcium supplementation or blockade. In vitro findings were correlated in vivo using an anesthetic cardiotoxicity rat model (females; n=5 per group).
Bupivacaine more severely dysregulated calcium dynamics than ropivacaine in vitro (e.g., contraction calcium amplitude to 52±11% and calcium-mediated repolarization duration to 122±7% of ropivacaine effects, model estimate ± standard error). Calcium supplementation improved tissue contractility and restored normal beating rhythm (to 101±6%, and 101±26% of control, respectively) for bupivacaine-treated tissues, but not ropivacaine (e.g., contractility at 80±6% of control). Similarly, calcium pre-treatment mitigated anesthetic-induced arrhythmias and cardiac depression in rats, improving animal survival for bupivacaine by 8.3±2.4 min, but exacerbating ropivacaine adverse effects (reduced survival by 13.8±3.4 min and time to first arrhythmia by 12.0±2.9 min). Calcium channel blocker nifedipine co-administration with bupivacaine, but not ropivacaine, exacerbated cardiotoxicity, supporting the role of calcium flux in differentiating toxicity.
Our data illustrate differences in calcium dynamics between anesthetics, and how calcium may mitigate bupivacaine cardiotoxicity. Moreover, our findings suggest that bupivacaine cardiotoxicity risk may be higher than for ropivacaine in a calcium deficiency context.
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