Clear fluids fasting for elective paediatric anaesthesia

Similarly, the American Society of Anaesthesiology (ASA) published their updated guidelines in 2017.² ASA guidelines stated that ‘clear fluids may be ingested for up to 2 h before procedures requiring general anesthesia, regional anesthesia, or procedural sedation and analgesia’, with category A1-E evidence on gastric volume and category A2-B evidence demonstrating children are more thirsty and hungry when fasted in excess of 4 h.

These recommendations, as others, were based on published reviews and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials, primarily aimed at minimising the risk of pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents. However, pulmonary aspiration is a very rare event (less than 3 to 4/10 000),^3,4and harm resulting from clear fluid aspiration in children is rarer still.⁴ It is also known that the stomach of a healthy child empties clear fluids within 30 min after intake (or even faster if fluids contain glucose), that gastric pH does not change 1 h after water intake, and that age does not affect the speed of gastric emptying.^5,6

The new evidence and the need for a new statement

The recently published APRICOT study,⁷ performed on a population of more than 30 000 children undergoing anaesthesia, showed that the risk of aspiration was approximately 9/10 000, and none of these children suffered significant clinical consequences, in terms of increased morbidity or mortality. Likewise, more liberalised clear fluid fasting regimes in other large cohorts of children, have shown no increase in the incidence of pulmonary aspiration.^8,9Furthermore, although gastric volume is a poor surrogate for the risk of aspiration, the gastric pH and residual volumes do not differ whether clear fluid fasting is 1 or 2 h in children.¹⁰

Moreover, the traditional 2-h clear fasting policy results in actual duration of fasting ranging from 6 to 15 h.¹¹ Shortening the fasting regimen to 1 h, or even less with a liberalised regimen, reduces the duration of fasting with positive impact on children’s psychology, metabolism and hemodynamic tolerance to the induction of anaesthesia, without increasing risks.^12,13

The new statement on clear fluid fasting in children

Following the above initiative, and supported by the recent scientific advancements, the ESA endorses the new consensus statement for good clinical practice. The new statement can be considered applicable to all ages unless contraindicated by specific medical conditions or surgical reasons. The type and volume of fluids are deliberately not included in this statement, as they might be specified or defined by the national scientific societies and/or local institutional policies. The statement represents a global achievement and can be used as an update of the previously published guidelines on clear fluids fasting regimen in children.

Consensus statement of the European Society of Anaesthesiology

‘It is safe and recommended for all children able to take clear fluids, to be allowed and encouraged to have them up to 1 h before elective general anaesthesia’.

In accordance with the above statement, there is an urgent need to update the published paediatric pre-operative fasting guidelines in a collaborative manner. We acknowledge that publishing state of the art scientific guidelines is a time and effort consuming endeavour and that very few societies have policies for fast-track guidelines and statements. Thus, this statement could act as a stimulus for future collaborative guidelines in paediatric anaesthesia.

References